A BRIEF ON FETAL GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT IN TRADITIONAL WAY

 FETAL GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT 

        Manu identifies woman obviously responsible for the production of children, the nurture of her progeny and as the best companion of man. He says: “The woman and the man are the soil and seed. In some the seed is more distinguished and in others the womb; but when both are of high quality the offspring is most highly esteemed. On comparing the two the seed is more important since the offspring is more marked by the characteristics of the seed. Whatever the seed is sown that comes forth — not the other.” SUSHRUTA compares germination of seed with that of conception and indicates the requirement of proper season and water in addition to the fertile land (uterus) and potential seed of the man. In Bundahis it is revealed that “The female seed is cold and moist and its flow is from the loins i.e. it comes from either side of the uterus and the color is white-red and yellow; while the male seed is hot and dry, its flow is from the brain of the head; and the color is white and muddy. All the seed of the females, which issues before hand takes a place within the womb and the seed of the males will remain above it and will fill the space of the womb. Whatever refrains there from becomes blood again, enters the veins of the female and at the time when anyone is born it becomes milk and nourishes him as milk arises from the seed of the males and the blood is that of the females.” “The sky, metal, wind and fire are male and are never otherwise (not changed), the water, earth, plants and fish are female and are never otherwise.” Thus Pahalavi works obviously recognize male and female seeds to be hot and cold respectively while Ayurvedic texts believe them to be cold and hot in the same order. Another obvious difference is that Ayurveda believes in obstructed menstrual blood to be responsible for placenta formation and to the secretion of milk while Pahalavi works attribute it to the male seed. While Manu gives great importance for the seed of the male, Pahalavi works indicate seed from both partners to come and unite in uterus. Ayurveda believes in their relative dominance for sex differentiation. The Y and X chromosomes, which represent male and female characters respectively in different spermatozoa, determine the sex as per modern medicine. Thus whatever their idea may be, they have imagined of the fertilization of the ovum with spermatozoon and indicate proper environmental factors in uterus to be essential for its nidation. The GARBHA or the zygote is defined as the substance that is formed in uterus by the union of SHUKRA and SHONITA activated to form Tanmatras for 8 Prakritis and 16 Vikaaraas in the presence of AATMA. OJUS is said to be responsible for sustinance of life and a child born in 8th month from SAMSKARA of the body by the OJUS shall be able to move with few Jerky respirations like a cut snake or the cut piece of intestine in laboratory experiments. Seeds germinate only upto certain period till OJUS is present in them. Similarly the spermatozoa by virtue of the OJUS in them shall be able to move for the time being in proper environmental conditions; but after fertilization the CHETANA, TATVA or the conscience is continued only by the AATMAN.  The semen to which is due the body of the fetus chases the ovum out of a sort of psychic affinity and is subsequently evolved out in the shape of a child²⁰. When this GARBHA gets differentiated with various parts of the body like hands, fingers, tongue, nose, genitals, etc. it is called as SHAREERA or the body complete.

        The PURUSHA or human being consists of the five MAHA BHOOTAS or the subtle elements (the AAKASHH, the VAYU, the AGNI, the JALA and PRITHVI) and the AATMAN or the creative soul. These five elements get nourished in the body by the DRAVYA, which is also PANCHA BHUTIKA in nature. The genetic material of the fetus is brought about by four of the elements (except the AAKASHH) derived from each of the four sources; the ovum (mother), the sperm (father), the food (taken by mother during pregnancy) and the self (the soul carrying with it the prints of its previous birth). The AATMAN or the creative self first creates the AAKASH or the subtle eather into which the other four elements grow. This process of growth and development of the qualities of the five MAHABHOOTAS follow the same pattern of creation or SRISTIKRAMA i.e. in the order of from AAKASHH the VAYU, from VAYU the Agni, from AGNI the JALA, and from JALA the PRITHVI. The child develops maturity of each of their functional qualities or the sense perceptions in the same order after birth. A growing child first becomes satisfied and responds to sounds (AAKASH GUNA); next attains satisfaction by way of touch (VAYUGUNA) through handling and anointing, and later develops the sense of perceiving and recognizing people. The sense of taste and smell are the last to be matured in succession. A sleepy or unconscious man can be aroused by calling his name rather than by stimulation of other senses. Hence the sense of hearing is the first to come and the last to go in order; while the sense of smell is the last to come and the first to wane off. Similarly the functional maturity of KARMENDRIYAAS also emerge in order of VAAK, PAAYU, PAANI, PAADA and UPASTA and the child thus undergoing the oral phase, anal phase, phase of locomotion and finally sexual phase (Chavali’s concepts).

        These five subtle elements in-spite of their opposing qualities exist by way of mutual adjustment for mutual benefit. These five elements together with SATWA and SAATMYA contribute to the growth and development of various organs and qualities in the fetus. The TEJO BHOOTA is mainly responsible for the color of the body and eyes. In human body the humors of VATA, PITTA and KAPHA are derived from these five elements; VATA representing the AAKASHH and VAYU, the PITTA representing the AGNI, and the SLESHMA exhibiting the qualities of JALA and PRITHVI.

Chavali believes VAYU to help in transportation and PITTA for transformation of various substances in body. The cohesive force of KAPHA helps for binding information of such substances.

        The VAYU goes on dividing the GARBHA or the zygote, AGNI brings about the metabolic changes, JALA moistens it thus giving nutrition; while PRITHVI solidifies and gives it a shape. The AAKASH then allows it to expand. Thus division, budding, branching and canalization, resulting in growth take place along with metabolic changes in the presence of proper nutrition.

 

FETAL CIRCULATION:   

        The impregnated zygote in its early stage gets its nutrition by way of UPASNEHA and UPASWEDA from mother’s pool of blood present all around it, in the uterus. But later on when it grows up it receives its nutrition through the umbilical cord which becomes connected from the NAABHI of the child to the APARA. The APARA or placenta is in turn pooled around with a fine network of floating vessels (capillaries) where there is constant liberation or oozing of RASA DHATU. Typical action of HRIDAYA i.e. receiving and giving out something take place between the network of maternal vessels and placenta or APARA by way of UPASNEHA and UPASWEDA. The word HRIDAYA is not to be taken in its true sense as the mother’s heart. The pulsation in the cord justifies one to understand its action similar to HRIDAYA. The words UPASNEHA and UPASWEDA have been interpreted by Dr. (Kum) P.V. Tewari as selective nutrition and osmosis respectively. Astanga Hridaya describes it as KEDAARA KULYA like process where again selective absorption takes place. Thus the selectively absorbed nutrients reach the NAABHI of the child through the cord wherefrom the pulsating VAYU carries it to the JYOTISTHAANAM (SUSHRUTA). Prof. Gaur describes JYOTISTHAANAM as the foetal liver, which is the main seat of metabolic activity in the body. Astanga SAMGRAHA says that the absorbed nutrients are subjected to the activity of he KAAYAAGNI of the child at the PAKWAASAYA. The words NAABHI, JYOTSTHAANAM and PAKWAASAYA all refer to portal circulation and however, the nutrients reach the foetal liver finally, where the substances are broken down, modified and transformed in a befitting way as required for the growth and development of the child. The pulsating VAYU is again responsible for supplying the various nutrients to different parts of the body. Apart from this Ayurveda believes in the child receiving nutrition partly through the hair follicles, which is again a matter of dispute.

 

ORGANOGENESIS:

        The five subtle elements with SATVA and SAATMYA contribute for the growth and development of various organs and their functional aspects. The male and female seeds have imprints for all the organs and structures to be developed in future and any injury to these BEEJA BHAAGAAS or the BEEJAAVAYAVAS bring forth defects in that particular organ that develops later from them; thus giving rise to congenital malformations. Any of the genes of different organs of the body may be involved. Thus the organogenesis is an ongoing and continuous process, but not an event of any particular stage in the fetus but only becomes more and more differentiated in course of time as the fetus grows; and is present right from the beginning of zygote formation. This is described by a simile stating that Choota phala and Vamsaamkura have all parts in them even in a bud stage but get differentiated when grown. However, there are two types of structures in the body; those that develop and appear before birth and the other that develop and become obvious later after birth like the teeth and seminal ejaculate etc. Thus though the male and female seeds carry various imprints in the form of genes for future development of various organs, a long list of structures, organs and functional aspects of the body dependent and derived from the source of mother (ovum), father (sperm), AATMA, mother’s diet, SAATMYA and SATVA are described. These include the following:

1)  Organs and tissues etc. derived from maternal genes: All soft tissues and parts of the body including the TWAK, RAKTA, MAMSA, MEDAS, MAJJAA, NAABHI, HRIDAYA, AMAASHAYA, GARBHASHAYA, YAKRITA, PLEEHA, KLOMA, AANTRA and GUDA, etc.

2)  Organs and tissues etc. derived from paternal genes:  All hard tissues and pats of the body including the hair, nails, bones, SHUKRA, SIRA, SNAAYU and DHAMANI, etc.

3)  Organs and functional aspects derived from AATMA:  Birth of the individual from particular YONI, the mind, the sense organs, the PRAANA and APAANA, the configuration of the body and its color, the voice, all the mental drives including KAAMA, KRODHA, LOBHA, BHAYA, HARSHA, DHARMA and ADHARMA SHEELATA; the BUDDHI, the SMRITI, ICHCHHAA, DWESHA, PRAYATNA, AHANKAARA, SUKHA, DUKKHA, AAYU and AATMA – JNANA and derived from Aatama.

4)  Developmental aspects derived from mother’s diet (RASA) during pregnancy: The actual growth and development of the fetus including the differentiation of various tissues, the TRIPTI, PUSHTI and UTSAAHA.

5)  Developmental aspects derive from SAATMYA to the fetus: The AAROGYAM, the ANAALASYAM, ALOLUPATWAM, INDRIYA PRASAADAM, and the richness in SWARA, VARNA, BEEJA, OJUS and HARSHA.

6)  Things derived from SATWA to the fetus: The SATWA is the mind in which float various conflicts derived of RAJAS and the inherent conscious criticism of them by the TAMAS. (See Patho-physiology of Psychic disturbances). Ultimately a man may be RAJAS predominant, TAMAS dominant or pure SAATWIK. A SAATWIK man is pious and highly intelligent with good memory. A RAAJASIK man is highly enrageous, restless, irritable and excitable while a TAAMASIK man is more apathetic and sleeps long.

Thus various sources of functional aspects and anatomical genes of the body for its origin and development are described. However, various physiological processes involved in the development of different organs and systems of the body are described in detail in Astanga SAMGRAHA and Agnipurana. The different organs of the body are made up of innumerable minute particles, the cells, the binding of which is manifest by VAYU, which acts in accordance to KARMA. The processes involved in development of different organ systems are as follows:

 

1)  SKIN: Six layers (seven layers – SUSHRUTA) of skin are formed from the

blood while undergoing metabolic activity similar to the layers of cream that form while milk is boiled. Hence purity and right upkeep of skin favors in bringing purity to blood. Applications over skin form an important aspect of treating blood disorders and the skins represents the character of RASA DHATU in the body as it is taken as one of the SAAKHAAS representing RASA. Hence CARAKA gives stress on BAHIRMAARJAN, UTSAADAN and PARISHEKA in treating RAAJA YAKSHMAA. The color of the skin is mainly dependent on the TEJOBHOOTA and various theories for the color of the skin are given below:

i) PANCH MAHABHOOTAS:     

        TEJAS    +        JALA                                     = GOURA VARNA

        TEJAS    +   PRITHVI                                     = KRISHNA VARNA

        TEJAS    +   PRITHVI   +   AAKASHHA   = KRISHNA SHYAAMA VARNA

   

        TEJAS   +    JALA       +    AAKASHHA   = GAURA SHYAAMA VARNA

       

ii) AAHARA: Sweet diet and moving in water=  GAURA VARNA

                  VIDAAHI substances                      =KRISHNA VARNA

                  Mixed diet                                      =SHYAAMA VARNA

Whatever the color of the food she eats the child acquires that color.

iii) Character of SHUKRA:

White like effluent of ghee        =      GAURA VARNA

                                Oily                  =      KRISHNA VARNA

                                Honey like                =      SHYAAMA VARNA

iv) Occupation of parents, the genes and the land they live in also    influence the color of the skin.

 

2) KALAAS: The KLEDA that remains between DHATU and AASAYA while undergoing metabolic changes results in a membrane (layer) (like rings as seen in cut trunk of trees) representing the essence of the tissue or DHATU and is called KALAA. Thus seven KALAAS are formed in the body. The MAMSADHARA, the RAKTADHARAA, the MEDODHARAA, the SLESHMADHARAA, the PURISHADHARAA, the PITTADHARAA and the SHUKRADHARAA.

 

3) INDRIYAAS: The sense organs develop from the SROTAS in which

    the KAPHA and RAKTA flow; where in the essence of one of the    

functional aspects of the five subtle elements become lodged. Thus in a SROTAS in which the AAKASHH BHOOTA becomes lodged that SROTAS or ear becomes capable of receiving sounds. In the SROTAS where AGNI becomes settled it attains power in receiving the sense of vision in the eyes. Similar is the rule with other sense organs also. However, the SUKLA MANDALAM in the eye is paternal in nature and is formed of SLESHMA while the KRISHNA MANDALAM is maternal and is formed of VATA (Agnipurana). The DRISTI MANDALAM in between represents both the characters. The TEJO BHOOTA in the eyes gets its energy recouped by the exterior light and remains untouched by the SLESHMA all around it, just like a thunder amidst the clouds. If the TEJOBHOOTA does not reach the DRISTIBHAAGA the child remains blind right from birth. The TEJOBHOOTA when followed by RAKTA, PITTA, SLESHMA or VAYU gives rise to RAKTAAKSHA, PINGAAKSHA, SUKLAAKSHA and VIKRITAAKSHA respectively.

 

4) KOSTANGAS: From the purest part of the RAKTA which while undergoing metabolic change by the OOSHMA and bowled from behind by the SAMAANA VAYU, emerge the YAKRIT and PLEEHA. The lungs originate from the foam of the blood. From the waste part of RAKTA form the UNDUKAM. Kidneys emerge from the purest parts of RAKTA and MEDA⁴⁵. Intestines develop from the purest parts of RAKTA and MAMSA. SUSHRUTA says that canalization by VAYU of the RAKTA and SLESHMA while they undergo certain metabolic changes give rise to the intestines, GUDA and VASTI. RAKTA by the effect of VAYU gives rise to KAALIYAM, which is commented as trachea by Atridevagupta (Sangrah Part – I, p. 302). The essence part of SLESHMA and RAKTA give rise to HRIDAYAM. The testes arise from RAKTA, MAMSA, MEDA and KAPHA. Thus probably from the maternal RASA DHATU emerge the rest DHATTOS like RAKTA, MAMSA etc. in the fetus, and RAKTA forms the basis for different organs of the abdomen and thorax.

 

5) SUPPORTIVE STRUCTURES: The essence (SARA) parts of KAPHA, RAKTA and MAMSA give rise to MAJJA just as a gold piece becomes purified (or a tree getting layers of SARA) by repeated heating. This is something different from the DHATU PARINAAMA SIDDHANTA. People were aware of some layers in MAJJA where form again the tissues of RAKTA and MAMSA get replenished from time to time after birth. The VAYU together with OOSHMA DIVIDE and make any of the structures patent resulting in SROTAS formation; and the same by entering the MAMSA DHATU divide it into different PESIS. Penetration by VAYU of the fat of MEDAS at different stages of PAAKA; MRIDU and KHARA give rise to SIRA and SNAAYU respectively.

        Though the activity of all the five subtle elements derived from different sources, nourished in turn by mother’s food and modified by SAATMYA and SATVA is at work in differentiating various structures together with organogenesis, gross macro-scopical and functional changes taking place in the growing fetus are described monthwise⁴⁶. Harita gives a more detailed description. The KALALAM or the zygote that forms the first day acquires a bubble like shape in 10 days. This becomes solidified in 15 days and looks like a fleshy lump in 20 days. All the 5 subtle elements take their proper abode in 25 days and the fetus acquires the qualities of all 5 elements by one month.

        Thus the fetus during the first month remains in a semisolid state the KALALAM, which becomes firm and hard during second month giving rise to globular, elongated, or long and round shaped masses indicating early its sex, the male, the female or the hermaphrodite respectively. During third month (by 50 days-Harita) five buds appear one for the head and the other for four limbs. These buds contain various parts of that respective limb or head in a minute form which becomes more differentiated during fourth month. However, Harita finds the head to be well differentiated by 3 ½ months. The mind starts functioning from fourth month as HRIDAYA the seat of mind also becomes differentiated by this time along with the development of sense organs and so is able to perceive pain and pleasure and expresses its longings through the mother. Good antenatal care consists in fulfilling her desires lest the fetus becomes insulted and thus may bring forth fetal developmental abnormalities. Modern medicine believes in emotional dissatisfaction during first year as the root of life-long personality disorders, while Ayurveda has gone still ahead and warns of the put coming disabilities if the child is insulted even when it is in its fetal state. Agnipurana describes development of skin, muscular and body tissue during 4^th month only. According to Harita even the hairs appears during 4^th month. The fetus becomes firm and fixed during 4^th month and hence from this time onwards any expulsion will be called GARBHAPATA instead of GARBHASTRAVA as is to be called before. The muscular tissue that starts during 4^th month becomes obvious by 5^th month and hence SUSHRUTA rightly advocated meat soup during 4^th month of antenatal care. The mind becomes more active during 5^th month along with the experience of quickening by the mother (Harita) and BUDDHI (sense of perception) is added in 6^th month. VAGBHATA describes development of bodily and scalp hairs, the nails, the bones and ligaments during 6th month while Agnipurana describes development of bones during 4th month and of the hairs in 5th month. However, deposition of calcium in the growing bones of the fetus occurs from 6th month onwards reaching the maximum by 8th and 9th months. Hence GHRITAAS (the best source of Vitamin-D for absorption and deposition of calcium) prepared of diuretics probably to combat toxemias of pregnancy are prescribed from 6th month onwards. By 7th month all the pats and organs of the body having grown in all dimensions become well differentiated and the child becomes viable. In 8th month the OJUS moves about from fetus to the mother and vice versa. Hence the child born in 8th month has little chance to survive depending on the presence or absence of OJUS in it. It is still difficult to explain this unless and until the question of what the OJUS is, in the present sense of our knowledge is understood. Harita describes the gastric juices (AGNI) to develop during 8th month. The child is viable when born in 9th, 10th, 11th and 12th months (SUSHRUTA); but, however, CARAKA says that the delivery takes place during 9th or 10th month. SUSHRUTA might have calculated according to lunar, months; otherwise the child remaining long in uterus undergoes post maturity and suffers the risk of placental dysfunction syndrome. Harita says that the child with the short experience of foetal life becomes indifferent to wordly pleasure.

 

SAMSAKARS IN PREGNANT WOMEN

        About twelve SAMSKARAS are known to be performed in a pregnant woman, including the PUMSAVAN, but, however, SEEMANTONNAYANA is the most important without performing of which no woman should be allowed to deliver. However, the SAMSKARAS of pregnancy are of great importance to an Obstetrician who follows the health of the pregnant woman. Thus they are probably important milestones in antenatal follow up and are of Obstetrician’s concern; while the SAMSKARAS to the child after birth form an essential subject matter to a pediatrician and should be done as and when the child becomes physically and mentally fit to accept that newly introduced refined activity.

A REVIEW OF DRUGS USED FOR VAMANA KARMA (EMESIS - A PANCHAKARMA PROCEDURE)

REVIEW  OF DRUGS USED FOR VAMANA KARMA

Drug plays a vital role in the treatment of disease. There fore it is placed in second position in the Chikitsaa Chatuspaada next to the physician. Drugs are described as an instrument (Karana) of physician for treating disease. For using the drugs to treat a disease, it is essential to have the complete knowledge regarding the drugs. The consideration of the drugs during the line of treatment for particular ailment has great importance.

According to Charaka, the utilization of all drugs depends on the sense of the dose (Matra) and time (Kala) (Cha.Su.2/16). Charaka after quoting these notations, himself demonstrates the use of such “Drugs” which are having the properties equivalent to poisons (Similar between Cha.Ka.1/5 & Cha.Chi.23/24). So if applied the logic, one can fabricate the medicine from a poison. These are the drugs which are used for “Vamana”. He might have observed the strange properties of these drugs of producing emesis or purgation which are otherwise harmful if used at normal conditions. But with the great clinical sense and using the firm Ayurvedic principles, he used these qualities for rescuing the patients from various ailments.

“WHO” defines the “Drug” as -

“A drug is defined as any substance or product that is used or intended to be used to modify or explore the physiological systems or pathological status for the benefit of recipient”.

As Vamana Karma is totally unpredictable procedure, every drug should be employed with its full knowledge. The physician is always appreciated who has the knowledge about the drugs in all aspects. Charaka says, “One who knows the uses and actions of herbs, though not acquainted with their forms may be called as a known of the science, then what can be said to the physician who has the knowledge of the herbs in every aspect (i.e. Good Physician)” (Cha.Su.1/123).

Though the other drugs having the same taste, properties & potency, but they cannot produce Vamana and Virecana, because these drugs have the ability to set off Vamana and Virecana with their self disposition (Prabhava) (Cha.Ka.1/5).

AIMS & OBJECTIVES: -

1. To study the various drugs used for Vamana procedure in Ayurvedic classics.

2. To understand the mechanism of Vamana process with the help of these drugs.

In this clinical study, Ghrita was used for internal Snehapana during Purvakarma. Like wise Milk or Ikshurasa were Kapha utkleshaka or Vamanopaga dravyas utilized for the purpose of Akanthapana. Yastimadhu Kwatha and Yastimadhu Phanta were consumed by all individuals as Vamanopaga. Madanphala Pippali was the main Vamaka dravya used here in combination with Madhu, Saindhava & Vacha (For group B) as the drug of Pradhana Karma.

According to Ayurveda, Milk & Ikshurasa both are having Madhura Rasa & Snigdha & Sheeta Guna, for which they are used for Kaphavardhaka & Prakopaka purpose during Akanthapana in Vamana Karma. Ghrita is sweet, soft, gentle, least irritating and beneficial to the body in general. It stimulates digestive processes but is heavy to digest by itself. Ghrita corrects the conditions arising from the imbalance of Vata and Pitta and removes poison (vishaghna), corrects tremors and unconsciousness.

Madanphala is considered to be the best among the emetics because they are free from any adverse effects (i.e. Anapayitwat). Charaka had praised the combination of Honey with Madanphala (i.e. Randia dumetorum) in small doses act as nauseant/emetics & may provide useful properties as a nervine, carminative & antispasmodic during vomiting process.

            Acorus calamus i.e. Vacha is having Spasmolytic action on isolated guinea pig’s trachea & ileum when contracted by acetylcholine, histamine, serotonin & barium chloride.

            Glycyrrhiza glabra i.e. Yastimadhu may help to lower the increasing blood pressure during the laborious Vamana process. It also acts as smooth muscle relaxant.

            The most fascinating factor, which draws attention towards Yashtimadhu for preferring it ahead of many other drugs, is the study carried out in cats which proved that it inhibited the passage of barium suspension from the stomach to intestine. In dogs, it inhibited the evacuation of water from stomach into duodenum. This will definitely prolongs the process of vomiting which will allow the Vaidya to remove the vitiated material as much as possible. Also it minimizes the fear of the affliction produced after Vamana in which the drug administered for the purpose of Vamana progresses into downward direction & voided through anal region.

            Rock salt i.e. Saindhava Lavana is said to be the best in helping the process of emesis.  According to Vagbhata, it possesses the properties like Visyandi, Aruksha, Sukshma, Usna & Vyavayi. Indu clears that it increases secretions through channels, penetrates the minute channels & spread quickly to the whole body. While Charaka explains its role in Vamana as helping to liquefy the Kapha Dosha & separate it from the srotases (Channels) (Cha.Ka.1/15).

 

GHRITA (GHEE)

Latin Name     : Butyrum departum    Chemical Composition: 100% animal fat.

English Name : Ghee                          Bhautika Sanghatana: Prthvi & Ambu (Su.Su.4)

Sanskrit Name: Ghrita, Aajya, Havih, Sarpih

Ghrita or ghee is a yellowish white oily substance which solidifies on becoming cold and requires a little heat to melt down. It is one of the most important milk products. It is one of the products very widely used in India from immemorial times. Among Sneha Dravya, it is considered as best owing to its special properties i.e. "Samskarasya Anuvartana" means that Ghee carries property of drug without leaving its own property.

Actions & Uses:

          Since Ghrita can be used form birth, it helps in the growth of body fluids, blood, flesh, bone, marrow, muscles and semen. It gives longevity and is suited to children, young and old alike. It can be taken in the case of injuries & is recommended during weakness and other stresses. It makes all the sensory organs strong and healthy viz. eyes, nose, ears, skin and tongue. It is useful for the growth of hair and improves complexion. Stimulating the formation of bones, Ghee rejoins broken bones and increases milk secretion in women. As a complete food it satisfies man and imparts a glowing radiance to his personality. It is smooth, soft & heavy and exerts a cold influence on the semen. Many great pioneers have attributed numerous benefits to Ghrita. Some of the opinions regarding the Ghrita are:

Concept of Acharya Charaka

Ghrita increases memory and intelligence, stimulates appetite by increasing the Jatharagni & increases semen and radiance. It balances Vata and Pitta, reduces poison and hysteria etc. Removes, and corrects chronic pyrexia and disorders arising from it. Ghrita is the best among all the oily substances as it can be processed in thousands of ways to give endless benefits.

Concept of Acharya Sushruta

Ghrita alleviates hysteria, pain, fever and disorders of Vata & Pitta. It stimulates digestive processes but is heavy to digest by itself. It increases memory, intelligence, radiance, glow, beauty and strength. Ghrita induces longevity and increases semen. It is beneficial for the eyes and destroys the sins and rakshasa. It increases Kapha (Kaphakara).

 Concept of Acharya Vagbhata

Ghrita is suitable for all age groups and apart from having the above listed qualities it stimulates fertility, heals wounds and is of special benefit in cases of burns and weapon wounds.

Concept of Acharya Bhava Mishra

In addition to the above, Ghrita has a remarkable healing properties, alleviates tuberculosis

and cures many disorders of blood.

Properties:

Rasa                :           Madhura                                  Guna   :           Guru, Snigdha, Mridu

Veerya             :           Sheeta                                     Vipaka :           Madhura

Doshakarma    :           Vata-pittahara (Charaka), Pitta-vatahara (B.P.), Kaphakara

Rogaghnata:

            Udavartta, Jwara, Unmada, Shula, Anaha, Vrana, Kshaya, Visarpa & Rakta Vikara

Karma:

            Rasayana, Chakshusya, Agnideepaka, Alpabhisyandi, Kanti, Oja, Teja & Lavanya Vardhaka, Swarasmritikara, Medhya, Vrishya, Ayusya, Balakrit, Visa, Alakshmi&Paapahara.

Chemical Constituents:

The colour of Ghee is yellow to white depending upon the carotene content. Chemically Ghee is complex molecule of lipid containing –

Triglycerides               :  97 – 98%                              Phospholipids  :  0.2 – 1.0%

Diglycerides                :  0.25 –1.4%                           Steroles           :  0.22 – 0.41%

Monoglycerides          :  0.16 – 0.38%                        Vitamin A       :  2500 I.U./100 gm

Ketoacid Glyceride     :  0.015 – 0.018%                    Vitamin D       :  8.5 x 10.7 gm/100gm

Glycerylesters             : 0.011 – 0.015%                     Vitamin E        : 24 x 10. 3gm/100gm

Free fatty acid             :  0.1 – 0.44%                          Vitamin K       :  01 x 10^-4 gm/100gm

Glycerides in cow Ghee are Butric acid 4.5-6%, Caproic acid 1.0-1.36%, Caprylic acid 0.9-1%, Capric acid 1.5-1.8%, lauric acid 6-7%, Myristic acid 21-23%, Palmitic acid 19-19.5%, Stearic acid 11-11.5%, Arachidic acid 0.5-0.8% Oleic acid 27-27.5%, Linoleic acid 4-5%.

Pharmacological and Clinical Studies:

Ghee contains 8% lower saturated fatty acids which makes it easily digestible. Its digestibility coefficient or rate of absorption is 96% which is highest of all oils & fats. The melting point of ghee is 35⁰C which is less than the normal body temperature. For which Ghee resists spoilage by micro organisms or chemicals.

            Ghee is lipophilic and this action of ghee facilitates transportation of ingredients of formulation to a target organ and final delivery, inside the cell, up to the mitochondria, microsome and nuclear membrane, because cell membrane also contains lipid.

Ghee taken within normal limit does not increase or decrease cholesterol level (Vasudevan - Text book of biochemistry). So, Shuddha Ghrita does not elevate cholesterol level. Here, Goghrita has been taken for 3 to 7 days which is for short duration to affect the cholesterol level. Vitamin A and E are antioxidants that help in preventing oxidative injury to the body. Due to the Palatibility of Ghee even at higher dose, relative to oil it is most acceptable to the internal environment of the body. Thus, it can be used for the internal Snehana of body prior to the Sanshodhana process.  The individuals which are affected with heat and that are injured by weapons and poison are also the indications for the administration of Ghrita.

DUGDHA (MILK)

Sanskrit Name :           Dugdha, Kshira, Payah, Stanya & Balajeevana

English name   :           Milk

Uses:

            Milk is used in Nasya, Avagahana, Vamana, Asthapana, Virechana & Snehana Karma. It is also useful in Shukrapradosha, Yoniroga, Mutraroga, Pradara, Pureesagrathita & used as a Pathya in all Vata & Pitta Vikaras.

Properties:

Rasa                :           Madhura                                              Veerya :           Sheeta

Guna               :           Snigdha, Sheeta                                  Vipaka :           Madhura

Doshaghnata   :           Vatapittahara

Rogaghnata:

            Jeernajwara, Manoroga, Shosa, Murchha, Bhrama, Grahani, Pandu, Daha, Trisha, Amlapitta, Udara Roga, Shatha, Hridroga, Shoola, Udavartta, Gulma, Bastiroga, Arsha, Raktapitta, Atisara, Yoniroga, Kasa, Shwasa, Jwara, Shrama, Klanti & Kshataksheena

Karma:

 Preenana, Satmya, Jeevaneeya, Brimhana, Stanya, Sadya Shukrakara, Balya, Vrisya, Medhya, Vajikara (Param), Vayahsthapana, Ayusya, Sandhanakaraka,  Srotoshodhaka & Doshashamana, Deepaneeya, Trishnaghna, Rasayana.

Chemical Constituents:

Milk contains Water, Protein (Casein, Whey Protein (i.e. lactalbumin & lactoglobumin), Fat (Butyrates), Lactose, Calcium, Phosphorus, Vitamins & Minerals etc.

 

IKSHU

Latin Name     : Saccharum officinarum Linn.           Family : Poaceace (Gramineae)

English Name  : Sugar Cane                                        Gana    : Trinapanchamula (Sushruta)

Sanskrit Name : Ikshu, Bahurasa, Deerghachhada, Bhurirasa, Gudhamula, Asipatra,    

                          Gudamula, Madhutrina

 Parts Used      : Root, Stem

Action & Uses:

The roots are cooling, demulcent, stimulant, diuretic & useful in urinary disorders. The stems are sweet, cooling, emollient, laxative, cardiotonic, tonic, diuretic, galactogogue, aphrodisiac, expectorant & haemostatic.

They are useful in dipsia, fatigue, leprosy, cough, gastric disorders, cardiac debility, haematemesis, intrinsic haemorrhage, bronchitis, anaemia, erysipelas, ophthalmia, ulcers of the skin & mucous membrane, carbuncles, agalactia, seminal weakness, emaciation, general debility, fistula-in-ano, hiccough, diarrohea, delirium & gonorrhoea.

Properties:

Rasa             :           Madhura                                        Veerya          :           Sheeta

Guna            :           Guru, Snigdha & Sara                   Vipaka          :           Madhura

Doshaghnata:           Vatapittashamaka

Rogaghnata:

Daha, Trishna, Murcha, Gulma, Udara, Garhani, Vibandha, Kamala, Hridroga, Pandu, Raktapitta, Kasa, Shwasa, Hikka, Shukradaurbalya, Mutrakrichhra, Daurbalya, Kshaya, Karshya, Visarpa.

Karma:

            Raktapittashamaka, Kaphavardhaka, Saraka, Krimikara, Hridya, Shlesmanisharaka, Balya, Vrisya, Brimhana, Stanyajanana, Mutrala

Dose: Juice: 20 - 40 ml & Root Decodtion: 50 - 100 ml

Chemical Constituents:

            Glycans-saccharans A, B, C, D, E & F, Neocarlinoside, Sugars, Carbohydrates, Hemicelluloses, Pentosans, Starch, Pectins, Proteins, Albuminoses, Peptoses, Acid amides, Carboxylic acids, Inorganic salts, Silica, Amino acids like Valine, proline etc., Vitamins like thiamine, riboflavine etc., Phenols, Gums, Phosphatides & Vit-D.

Pharmacological Activities:

            Antioxidant, A steroid compound from Cane juice has been found to alleviate joint stiffness induced in guinea pigs.

 

MADANAPHALA

Latin Name                : Randia dumetorum

Family Name             : Rubiaceae

Sanskrit Name           : Madana, Chardana, Pindi, Visapuspaka, Salyak, Bastiasodhana,

                                     Dharaphala, Nata, Karahata, Maruvaka

English Name            : Emetic Nut

Gana                          : Vamana, Phalini (Charaka), Urdhvabhagahara, Aragvadhadi,

                                     Muskakadi (Sushrut)

Parts Used                 : Phala, Bija, Tvak. However in the present study, powder of its

                                     seeds was used.

Plant                          : Thorny small tree, found particularly in the region of Himalaya,

                                     Jammu, Sikkim, Sindh, Maharastra and South India.

Leaves                       : Rotundus in shape and thorns are present in its axillary region.

Flowers                      : Yellowish White

Fruits                         : Grey coloured

Wealth of India (1969):

           Fruits ripen in cold season and eaten after roasting or cooking, within taste is said to

be lime almond. Further it has been written that owing to high tannin content, fruit has highly astringent taste and requires prolonged cooking before it can be consumed.

Sharma (1979):

            Rasa of Phala Majja is Sweet and Bitter.

Wealth of India (1969):

            Outer and Inner pulps have the following proximate composition.

Content	Outer Pulp	Inner Pulp
Moisture	74.1	71.4
Ether Extract	0.2	0.1
Protein	0.9	0.7
Sugar	5.5	Trace
Soluble CHO	17.7	6.7
Crude fibre	4.4	9.5
Acids (as citric)	0.3	0.5
Tannins	1.6	5.0

The Seeds:

The black coloured seeds present within the fruit are having the shape like that of Brihat Ela. According to Chakrapani, the seeds are called Madanaphala Pippali. As stated in W.O.I. Seed Contains           Fat = 1.5%, Protein = 14.2%, Resin, Mucilage & Organic acid (1-4 %) and minute quantity of unidentified alkaloids.

            The seed oil (fat) is yellowish green in order with consistency of butter and with the following characteristics:

Melting Point                  = 28-29⁰C                               Saponification Value      = 160.2

Sp. Gravity at 200⁰C       = 0-9175                                 Iodine Value                   = 43.2

Acid Value                      = 13.8

Bhavaprakasa: It is useful in Jirna Pratisyaya, Kustha, Anaha, Gulma and Vrana, According to Sharma (1969); it is beneficial in Kasa, Svasa, Kastarttava and Jwara.

Chopra (1958):

            Dry Mucous pulp is good substitute for ipeacacuanha in dysentery. He further states that the fruit is used in Jull ender as a medicine (oral) used for abortion.

            It is recommended as an antidote to snake bite and scorpion sting.

Action & Uses:

            The fruits are bitter, astringent, acrid, sweet, thermogenic, anodyne, carminative, anti-inflammatory, anthelmintic, depurative, vulnery, emmenagogue, expectorant, febrifuge, sudorific, abortifacient & antispasmodic.

            It is useful in pains, sprains, inflammation, gout, helminthiasis, leprosy, skin disorders, wounds, ulcers, tumours, cough, asthma, bronchitis, colic, headache, constipation, flatulence, amenorrhea, painful labour, dysmenorrhoea. It is one of the best & safest emetic. 

Properties:

Rasa                : Kasaya, Madhura, Tikta, Katu                      Veerya :           Ushna

Guna               : Laghu, Ruksha                                              Vipaka :           Katu

Prabhava         : Vamana

Doshaghnata   : Kaphavatashamaka, Kaphapittasamshodhaka

Rogaghnata:

Vatavyadhi, Amavata, Shotha-Vedanayukta Vikara, Vidradhi, Vrana, Udarashoola, Gulma, Shoola,  Kaphapradhana Jwara, Shwasa, Kasa, Pratishyaya, Vibandha, Krimi, Pravahika, Raktavikara, Kastarttava, Kastaprasava, Kustha, Jwara, Medoroga & Visavikara.

Karma:

            Shothahara, Vedanasthapana, Vranashodhana, Nadishamaka, Vamaka, Vatanulomana, Krimighna, Grahi, Raktashodhaka, Kaphanisharaka, Arttavajanana, Swedajanana, Kusthaghna, Jwaraghna, Lekhana, Visaghna.

Doses: Fruit: 3 - 6 gms for emesis & Therapeutic Dose: 1 - 2 gms

Pharmacological Activities:

            Anti-inflammatory, Anti-ovulatory, Anticancer, Insecticidal, Antibacterial, Antifungal, Antiviral, Antipyretic, Antifertility, Cardiac Stimulant & Depressant, Hypotensive & CNS Depressant, Anthelmintic, Antidiarrhoeal, Antipyretic, Anti-implantation.

Chemical Constituents:

(i)         Six Saponins Dumetoronins - A, B, C, D, E and F isolated. All of them contain Oleonolic acid as a Glycone (J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1978, 55, 397).

(ii)        A new glycoside i.e. Randioside A isolated from ripe fruits and characterized as β-D-galactopyranosyl (1→3) - Oleanolic acid (Indian J. for 1980, 3, 6; Chem. Abstr. 1981, 94, 153460 r).

(iii)       Ripe fruit also contains Citric & Tartaric acids, Randionin (A haemolytic triterpenoid saponin), Randia acid, Neutral Saponins yield Oleanolic acid as Sapogenin, Ursosaponin gives Ursolic acid & Glucose.(Data Base on Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda)

(iv)       Fruits of plant collected at Bhopal yielded neutral and acid Saponins which were not characterized. (J. Sci. Res. 1981, 3, 133; Chem. Abstr. 1981, 95, 200602 N).

(v)        3-0-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-3-0-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)-β-D-galactopyranosyl]-3-0-(β-D-xylopyranosyl )-olean-12-en-28oic is also a glycoside present in ripe fruit. (Data Base)

(vi)       a-amyrin, b-sitosterol, Oleanolic acid, Ursolic acid and D-mannitol isolated from stem heartwood & Iridoid, 10-methyllixoside are also isolated from leaves. (J. Indian Chem. Soc. 1981, 58, 825).

(vii)       Detection of Palmitic, Stearic, Oleic (23.50%) Linoleic (23.25%) Arachidic acid & Lignoceric acids in seed oil by GLC - TLC (J. Sci. Res. 1983, 5, 91, Chem. Abstr. 1984, 100, 188811 a).

VACHA

Latin Name        : Acorus Calamus Linn

Family                : Araceae

Sanskrit Name    : Vacha, Ugragandha, Shadgrantha, Mangalya, Golomee, Shataparvika,

                             Kshudrapatra, Jatila, Ugra, Lomasa (Bhavaprakasha)

English Name     : Sweet Flag

Part Used           : Mula (Rhizome)

Gana                   : Virechana, Lekhaniya, Arshoghna, Triptighna, Asthapanopaga, Shita-

                             prasamana, Sanjnasthapana, Tiktaskandha, Shirovirechana (Charaka)

                             Pippalyadi, Vachadi, Mustadi, Urdhwabhagahara (Sushruta)

Actions & Uses:

The Rhizome is acrid, bitter, thermogenic, aromatic, intellect promoting, emetic, laxative, Carminative, stomachic, anthelmintic, emmenagogue, diuretic, alexeteric, anodyne, expectorant, antispasmodic, aphrodisiac, anticonvulsant, resuscitative, sudorific, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, sialagogue, insecticidal, tranquillizing, nervine tonic & sedative.

            It is useful in stomatopathy, hoarseness, colic, flatulence, gastritis, chronic dyspepsia, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhoea, nephropathy, calculi, strangury, cough, bronchitis, asthma, sinus headaches, sinusitis, odontalgia, pectoralgia, hepatodynia, otalgia, fevers. indigestion, hiatus hernia, flatulent colic, Irritable Bowel Syndrome, colitis, dysentery, helminthiasis, upper respiratory tract viral infections, intermittent fever, hay fever, arthritis, gout, epilepsy, convulsions, hysteria, depression, shock, loss of memory, deafness, neuralgia, numbness, urolithiasis, eczema & general debility.

Properties:

Rasa                :           Katu, Tikta                              Vipaka             :     Katu

Guna               :           Laghu, Tikshna, Sara              Prabhava         :     Medhya

Veerya             :           Ushna                                      Doshaghnata   :     Kaphavatashamaka

Rogaghnata:

Jihwajadatwa, Sandhivata, Amavata, Pakshaghata, Apatantraka, Unmada, Apasmara, Agnimandya, Arsha, Amajeerna, Aruchi, Vivandha, Adhmana, Krimi, Kasa, Pratishyaya, Swarabheda, Ashmaree, Kastaprasava, Kastarttava, Sannipata & Medoroga.

Karma:

Kanthya, Medhya (Stimulate the power of self-expression & enhance intelligence), Shamaka, Sanjnasthapana, Vedanasthapana, Shothahara, Vamaka, Krimighnata, Arshoghna, Anulomaka, Kasashwasahara, Shoolaghna, Deepana, Mootrajanana, Akshepashamana, Swedajanana & Jwaraghna.

Doses: 0.25 – 0.5 gm & for Vamana = 1 – 2 gm.

Pharmacological Activities:

Alcoholic extract of the plant causes sedative & analgesic effects, moderate depression in blood pressure & respiration; rhizome extract & essential oil effective against houseflies. Other pharmacological activities are hypothermic, hypotensive, thermogenic, Spasmolytic, CNS depressant, anticonvulsant, carcinogenic, antimicrobial, antihelmintic, insecticidal, aromatic, intellect-promoting, emetic, laxative, carminative, stomachic, anthelminthic, emmenagogue, diuretic, expectorant, anodyne, antispasmodic, antiinflammatory, antipyretic, sialagogue, tonic, antibacterial & sedative tranquillizing.

Chemical Costituents:

Asarone, β-asarone, calamenol, calamine, calamenone, eugenol, methyl eugenol, a-pinene& camphene, various fatty acids, calamol, calamone acoradin, azulene, two selinane type, sesquiterpenes-acolamone & isocolamone, sugars, glucosides-acorin, calameon, calamusenone, a flavoneluteolin-6, 8-c-diglucoside, new natural products acoramone, asarylaldehyde, carcinogen, β-asarone & epoxy isoacoragermacrone are the main constituents reported from this plant.

MADHU

Latin Name     :           Mal depuratum                        Class                :           Hymenoptera

Family             :           Epidae                                     English Name :           Honey

Sanskrit Name :           Madhu, Makshika, Kshodra, Madhwika, Saradha, Makshikavanta,      

                                    Varativanta, Bhringavanta & Pushparasodbhava.

Properties:

Rasa                :           Madhura, Kashaya                  Veerya             :           Sheeta

Anurasa           :           Kasaya (According to B.P.)    Vipaka             :           Katu

Guna               :           Guru, Ruksha, Sheeta             Doshghanta     :           Tridoshahara

Rogaghnata:

 Kustha, Arsha, Kasa, Pitta & Rakta Vikara, Meha, Kaphaja Vikara, Krimi, Meda, Trisa, Vamana, Shwasa, Hikka, Atisara, Vidgraha, Daha, Kshata & Kshaya. 

Chemical Constituents: 

Honey is essentially a solution of Levulose 40 - 50 %, Dextrose 32 - 37 %, and Sucrose 0.4 - 0.6%, Moisture 13 - 20 %, the proportion of the sugar varies with the floral source. The miner constituents of honey are Pestrine and Gums 0.7 %, Ash 0.182 - 1%, and Miscellaneous acid, Pollen grains, Beeswax pigments etc.0.1 - 7 %. It also contains vitamin B, B2, B6, C and Nicotinic acid in traces. It also contains minerals like Potassium, Magnesium, Zinc, Calcium, Iron, Copper,  Sulpher, Chloride, Phosphorus, Chromin, Nickel, Silver etc.

Karma:      

Lekhana, Sangrahi, Shodhana, Kapha Vilayana & Chedana, Chakshusya, Swarya, Mehaghna, Deepana, Marganusari, Yogavahi, Vranashodhana & Ropana, Srotovishodhana, Varnya, Medhakara, Vrisya, Alpavatakaraka & Kaphapittashamaka.

Pharmacologial Action:

Honey could lower blood sugar and improve the renal hepatic & bone marrow functions and lipid profile. It decreases S. Cholesterol, S. LDL, S. Triglyceride & increase S. HDL level. Honey has antibacterial properties due to its acidic nature and enzymatically produced hydrogen peroxide. Constant use of honey strengthens the white blood corpuscles to fight bacteria and viral diseases. As it contains sugars which are quickly absorbed by our digestive system and converted into energy, this can be used as instant energizer. As it is hygroscopic, it speeds up healing, growth of healing tissue and dries it up. Honey acts as a sedative and is very useful in bed wetting disorders. It is also a very good anti-oxidant which restores the damaged skin and gives soft, young looks.

SAINDHAVA LAVANA

Latin Name     :           Sodii Chloridum

English Name  :           Rock Salt, Bay Salt, Chloride of Sodium

Sanskrit Name :           Saindhava, Sheetashiva, Manimantha, Sindhuja

Properties:

Rasa                :           Lavana, Madhura

Guna               :           Snigdha, Tikshna, Sukshma & Laghu

Veerya             :           Anushna Sheeta & Sheeta (According to Bhavaprakasha)

Vipaka             :           Madhura

Doshghnata     :           Tridoshahara

Chemical Constituents: 

It is a white transparent & cubic in shape, which contains NaCl, KCl, Ca.So4, CaCl2, MgCl2 & NaHCo3. The chloride content is 59.64 w/w & Sulphide content is 10.40 w/w. Its specific gravity is 2.17.  

Karma: Agni Deepaka, Pachaka, Ruchikaraka, Kapha Vilayana & Chedana, Vrisya, Chakshusya, Hridya & Srustamutrapurisa.

YASTIMADHU

Latin Name     :           Glycyrrhiza glabra Linn.

Family             :           Leguminosae (Sub family: Fabaceae)

Sanskrit Name :           Yastimadhu, Yasti, Yastimadhuka, Kleetak, Madhuyastika,

                                    Madhuka, Yashtyahva

English Name  :           Liquorice Root

Parts Used       :           Root

Gana                :           Kanthya, Jivaniya, Sandhaniya, Varnya, Kandughna, Vamanopaga,

                                    Mutravirajaniya, Shonitasthapana, Chardinigrahana, Snehopaga,

                                    Asthapanopaga (Charaka) Kakolyadi, Sarivadi, Anjanadi (Sushruta)

Actions & Uses:

            The Roots are sweet, refrigerant, emetic in large doses, tonic, diuretic, demulcent, mild laxative, aphrodisiac, trichogenous, expectorant, emmenagogue, alexipharmic, haemostatic, alterant & intellect promoting.

            They are useful in hyperdipsia, cough, bronchitis, ulceration of urinary tract, retention of urine, gastralgia, gastric ulcer & duodenal ulcers, cephalagia, fever, skin diseases, ophthalmic diseases, pharyngitis, haemorrhoids, hoarseness of voice, epilepsy, hiccough, erysipelas, anaemia, meno-metrorrhagia, intrinsic haemorrhage, hemicrania and urticaria. Decoction of root is good wash for falling & graying of hair. It is extremely applied for cuts & wounds. It is also indicated in laryngitis, mucus in eyes, nausea, vomiting, peptic ulcer, cold cough, food poisoning, leukorrhea, cervicitis, cervical erosion, ulcerative colitis, hiccough, sea sickness, jet lag, diabetic ulcers, bleeding disorders, acute bronchial asthma, gingivitis, eczema, psoriasis, dermatitis, bronchial catarrh, viral infection, herpes simplex virus, vaccinia & vesicular stomatitis virus.

Properties:

Rasa                :           Madhura                      Vipaka             :           Madhura

Guna               :           Guru & Snigdha          Doshaghnata   :           Vatapittashamaka

Veerya             :           Sheeta

Rogaghnata:

            Vranashotha, Visha, Khalitya, Palitya, Shatrabhighataja, Vrana, Vatavikara, Vatarakta, Amavata, Shiroroga, Vamana, Trishna, Vibandha, Udarashula, Amlapitta, Paittika Apasmara, Hikka, Raktavikara, Raktalpata, Raktapitta, Shwasa, Kasa, Swarabheda, Yakshma, Uragata Vrana, Urahkshata, Parshwashula, Mootrakrichhra, Pooyameha, Kandu,  Paittika Prameha, Shukrameha, Varnavikara, Charma Roga, Jeerna jwara, Samanya Daurbalya & Netraroga.

Karma:

          Daahashamaka, Keshya, Vedanasthapana, Shothahara, Medhya, Chhardinigraha, Trishnanigraha, Vatanulomana, Mridurechana, Shonitasthapana, Kaphanisharaka, Kanthya, Mootrala, Mootravirajaneeya, Balya, Shukravardhaka,Varnya, Kandughna, Jwarashamaka, Jeevaneeya, Sandhaneeya, Rasayana, Chakshusya, Vatapittashamaka & Raktasthambaka.

Dose: Powder: 3 - 5 gms

Chemical Constituents:

            The principle constituents of licorice to which it owes its characteristic sweet taste is Glycyrrhizine. Other constituents present in liquorice are Glucose (up to 3.8%), Sucrose (2.4 - 6.5%), Mannite, Starch (0.30%), Asparagine, Bitter principles, gum, mucilage, Resins (2.4%), volatile oil (0.03 - 0.035%) and colouring matter. The yellow colour is due to anthoxanthine glycoside, isoliquiritin [C₂H₂₂O₉, M.P.=185-86° (decomp)], which undergoes partial conversion to liquiritin (M.P.=22°) during drying and storage of roots. Isoliquiritin gives an hydrolysis isoliquiritigenin (2,4,4'-trihydroxy chalkone, C₁₅H₁₂O₄, M.P. 2.2 - 4°). Both isoliquiritin and liquiritin are bitter with a sweet after taste and stimulate salivary glands. A steroid, estrogen probably estriol, is also reported to be present in the liquorice. A flavanone rhamnoglucoside, M.P.132° isolated from roots; used as smooth muscle relaxant in pharmaceutical composition (Brit 901, 085 (1962), July 11, Chem Abstr, 1962, 57, 113 17h). The presence of haemolytically active saponin has been also reported in the inner bark. Other than these, L = natural steroids, acid resin, phosphoric, sulphuric and malic acids, calcium and magnesium salts, tannin in bark, N= triterpene glycosides (saponins), primarily glycyrrhizine (50x sweeter than sucrose), liquiritic acid & isoflavonoids are also present.

Pharmacological Activities:

            Smooth muscle depressant, anti-microbial, hypolipidaemic, antiatherosclerotic, antiviral, hypotensive, hepatoprotective, anti-exudative, Spasmolytic (Due to Glycyrrhizine), antidiuretic, antiulcer, antimutagenic, antipyretic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antacid, anti-nociceptive, expectorant, bronchodilator, emetic, demulcent, adrenocorticotropic, inhibits liver enzyme delta 4-5 β reductase that breaks down cortisol, aldosterone, progesterone & inhibts phospholipase A2 linked to leukotrienes and prastaglandins (mediate inflammation).

            The following tables show the detail Pharmacological Properties of drugs used in the Purva Karma, Pradhana Karma & Paschata Karma of Vamana Procedures in both groups.

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUGS USED FOR

VAMANA KARMA

Dravya	Rasa	Guna	Veerya	Vipaka	Dosaghnata	Karma
Milk	Madhura	Snigdha, Sheeta	Sheeta	Madhura	Vatapitta Shamaka	Preenana, Brimhana, Deepana, Srotoshodhaka
Ikshurasa	Madhura	Snigdha, Guru	Sheeta	Madhura	Vatapitta Shamaka	Kaphavardhaka, Slesma- nisharaka,Raktapittahara
Ghee	Madhura	Snigdha, Guru, Mridu, Saumya & Sukshma	Sheeta	Madhura	Vatapitta Shamaka & Kaphakara	Rasayana, Ojovardhaka, Agnideepaka, Medhya, Chakshusya & Ayusya
Madana Phala	Kasaya, Madhura, Tikta & Katu	Laghu & Ruksha	Ushna	Katu	Kaphavata Shamaka & Kaphapitta Samshodhaka	Lekhana, Vamaka, Vidradhi, Pratisyaya, Vrana, Kustha, Anaha, Sotha, Gulma
Vacha	Tikta and Katu	Laghu, Tikshna & Sara	Ushna	Katu	Kaphavata Shamaka	Vamaka, Kanthya, Shothahara, Medhya, useful in Vibandha,  Adhmana, Apasmara, Kaphonmada
Madhu	Madhura & Kasaya	Guru, Ruksha & Sheeta	Sheeta	Katu	Tridoshahara	Yogavahi, Lekhana, Kaphapittashamaka & Srotovishodhaka
Saindhava Lavana	Lavana, Madhura	Snigdha, Tikshna, Sukshma & Laghu	Sheeta	Madhura	Tridoshahara	Agni Deepana, Pachana, Kaphavilayana&chedana
Yasti -madhu	Madhura	Guru & Snigdha	Sheeta	Madhura	Pittaghna, Vata and Rakta Shamaka	Chakshusya, Balya, Kesya, Swarya, Vrana & Sothahara, Vamana, Kapha- nisharaka

From the above listed properties, it was revealed that most of Drugs used for Vamana Karma have Madhura, Tikta or Katu rasa, Guru & Snigdha as well as Laghu, Ruksha or Tikshna guna, Shita veerya, Madhura or Katu vipaka and Kaphavata as well as Vatapittashamaka properties with Kaphanisharaka & Vamaka action.

PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF DRUGS USED FOR DHUMAPANA

Dravya	Rasa	Guna	Veerya	Vipaka	Dosaghnata	Karma
Agaru	Katu & Tikta	Laghu,Ruksha & Teekshna	Ushna	Katu	Kaphavata Shamaka	Kaphaghna, Shiro- virechana, Shothahara
Vachaa	Tikta & Katu	Laghu,Tikshna	Ushna	Katu	--do--	Vamaka, Kanthya, Shothahara
Jyotismati	Katu & Tikta	Tikshna	Ushna	Katu	--do--	Shirovirechana,Kapha -hara,Vedanasthapana
Harenuka	Katu & Tikta	Laghu,Ruksha	Ushna	Katu	--do--	Kaphaghna, Vedana- sthapana, Shothahara
Priyangu	Tikta, Kasaya Madhura	Guru, Ruksha	Sheeta	Katu	Tridosha Shamaka	Dahaprashamana, Vedanasthapana & Shothahara
Haridra	Tikta, Katu	Ruksha,Laghu	Ushna	Katu	Kaphavata Shamaka	Shothahara, Vedana- sthapana, Lekhana

Likewise from the above listed properties, it was revealed that most of Dhumapana Drugs have Tikta & Katu rasa, Laghu, Ruksha or Tikshna guna, Ushna veerya, Katu vipaka and Kaphavatashamaka properties with Kaphaghna & Shirovirechana action.